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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">To the editor&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Harvesting and intake of wild mushrooms causes a significant number of poisonings&#44; particularly in autumn&#46; A patient with a mixed syndrome of hepatic and renal failure following intake of mushrooms from the species Amanita phalloides and Cortinarius orellanus is reported&#46; No description of any poisoning showing such an association has been found in the literature&#46; A 74-year old male patients with an unremarkable history attended the emergency room for intractable vomiting and diarrhoea&#46; The patient reported to have taken mushrooms 12-15 hours before&#46; Physical examination showed an acceptable general condition and haemodynamic stability&#46; Laboratory test results included&#58; urea 89 mg&#47;dL&#44; creatinine 3&#46;4 mg&#47;dL&#44; Na 137 mmol&#47;L&#44; K 4 mmol&#47;L&#44; GOT 1406 IU&#47;L&#44; GPT 1170 IU&#47;L&#44; LDH 1319 IU&#47;L&#46; Coagulation&#58; PAI 71&#37;&#44; APTT 43&#46;4 sec&#44; INR 1&#46;24&#46; Complete blood count&#58; Hb 18 mg&#47;dL&#44; haematocrit 53&#46;3&#37;&#44; WBCs 11&#44;200&#47;mm3 &#40;N 78&#37;&#41;&#46; Urine&#58; Na 30 mmol&#47;L&#44; K 66 mmol&#47;L&#44; urea 16&#46;3 g&#47;L&#44; creatinine 155&#46;4 mg&#47;dL&#46; Acute renal failure due to volume depletion and hepatic failure secondary to mushroom intake were diagnosed&#44; and the patients was admitted to the intensive care unit&#46; Treatment was started with penicillin G sodium&#44; activated charcoal&#44; water and electrolyte replacement&#44; pyridoxine&#44; vitamin K&#44; traxenamic acid&#44; and fresh plasma&#46; The reference liver transplant unit was contact because of suspected poisoning by Amanita phalloides&#46; The cytolysis pattern and coagulation changes started to improve on the third day of stay at the ICU&#44; and the patient was discharged to the gastroenterology ward&#46; On the fourth day of stay at the ward &#40;7 days since mushroom intake&#41;&#44; creatinine levels of 4&#46;2 mg&#47;dL &#40;as compared to a previous value of 1&#46;5 mg&#47;dL&#41; were reported to the nephrology department&#46; Urine&#58; Na 95 mmol&#47;L&#44; K 49&#46;08 mmol&#47;L&#44; urea 14&#46;94 g&#47;L&#44; creatinine 100 mg&#47;dL&#44; protein 0&#46;5 g&#47;L&#44; no RBCs&#46; Normal complete blood count without eosinophilia&#44; and normal C3 and C4&#46; A further evaluation ruled out a prerenal cause&#44; nephrotoxic agents&#44; and an obstructive cause &#40;by ultrasonography&#41;&#46; Since a relationship with mushroom intake was suspected&#44; mushrooms were analysed by an expert mycologist&#44; who identified several species&#44; including Amanita phalloides and Cortinarius orellanus&#46; Support measures were started and an adequate water balance was ensured&#46; Patient remained asymptomatic with a preserved urine output and maximum creatinine levels of 7&#46;1 mg&#47;dL with metabolic acidosis&#46; Liver enzymes and coagulation were normal&#46; Renal replacement therapy was not required at any time&#44; and kidney function gradually improved until basal creatinine levels of 2 mg&#47;dL were achieved&#46; These levels have been maintained to date&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Mushroom poisoning is classified into two large groups based on whether the time elapsed from intake to symptom occurrence is shorter or longer than 6 hours&#46; Poisonings caused by the Amanita and Cortinarius genera belong to the latter group &#40;2-21 days&#41;&#46; The potential occurrence of mixed syndromes due to the concomitant intake of several species&#44; as occurred in our case&#44; should also be taken into account&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Species from the genus Cortinarius have two types of toxins&#44; cortinarins and orellanines&#46; Orellanines show a high renal tropism&#44; inhibiting protein synthesis in tubular cells&#46; Orellanine degradation produces oxygen free radicals and glutathione depletion&#46; Orellanines remain in renal tissue for up to 6 months after intake&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Renal failure occurs in 30&#37;-75&#37; of all poisonings depending on individual sensitivity and the amount ingested&#46; End-stage chronic renal failure occurs in approximately one third&#44; temporal haemodialysis is required in another third in which total or partial recovery of kidney function is subsequently achieved&#44; and the remaining third experience no renal damage&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms initially occur&#46; These are associated to urinary frequency&#44; that is occasionally followed by an oliguric phase with onset of uremic symptoms&#46; Hepatic damage is rare&#44; and some cases of transient cytolysis have only been reported&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Renal biopsy mainly shows interstitial nephritis with tubular necrosis and infiltration by lymphocytes&#44; plasma cells&#44; and PMNs with no glomerular involvement&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There is no specific antidote&#46; Treatment should be supportive and symptomatic&#46; Haemodialysis and plasmapheresis are not effective for toxin removal because of the long symptom-free period involved in late diagnosis&#46; However&#44; good results have been reported in some cases when performed within 5 days of poisoning&#46; Use of corticoids and N-acetylcysteine for its antioxidant and glutathione-donating effect has been reported&#44; but their efficacy is controversial&#46; </p>"
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Acute renal failure after intake of mushrooms: the orellanus syndrome
Fracaso renal agudo tras ingestión de setas: síndrome orellánico
S.. Gallego Domíngueza, M. A.. Suárez Santistebana, Juan Luengo Álvarezb, P.. González Castilloa, I.. Castellano Cerviñoa
a S. de Nefrología, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, España,
b S. Medicina Interna, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, España,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">To the editor&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Harvesting and intake of wild mushrooms causes a significant number of poisonings&#44; particularly in autumn&#46; A patient with a mixed syndrome of hepatic and renal failure following intake of mushrooms from the species Amanita phalloides and Cortinarius orellanus is reported&#46; No description of any poisoning showing such an association has been found in the literature&#46; A 74-year old male patients with an unremarkable history attended the emergency room for intractable vomiting and diarrhoea&#46; The patient reported to have taken mushrooms 12-15 hours before&#46; Physical examination showed an acceptable general condition and haemodynamic stability&#46; Laboratory test results included&#58; urea 89 mg&#47;dL&#44; creatinine 3&#46;4 mg&#47;dL&#44; Na 137 mmol&#47;L&#44; K 4 mmol&#47;L&#44; GOT 1406 IU&#47;L&#44; GPT 1170 IU&#47;L&#44; LDH 1319 IU&#47;L&#46; Coagulation&#58; PAI 71&#37;&#44; APTT 43&#46;4 sec&#44; INR 1&#46;24&#46; Complete blood count&#58; Hb 18 mg&#47;dL&#44; haematocrit 53&#46;3&#37;&#44; WBCs 11&#44;200&#47;mm3 &#40;N 78&#37;&#41;&#46; Urine&#58; Na 30 mmol&#47;L&#44; K 66 mmol&#47;L&#44; urea 16&#46;3 g&#47;L&#44; creatinine 155&#46;4 mg&#47;dL&#46; Acute renal failure due to volume depletion and hepatic failure secondary to mushroom intake were diagnosed&#44; and the patients was admitted to the intensive care unit&#46; Treatment was started with penicillin G sodium&#44; activated charcoal&#44; water and electrolyte replacement&#44; pyridoxine&#44; vitamin K&#44; traxenamic acid&#44; and fresh plasma&#46; The reference liver transplant unit was contact because of suspected poisoning by Amanita phalloides&#46; The cytolysis pattern and coagulation changes started to improve on the third day of stay at the ICU&#44; and the patient was discharged to the gastroenterology ward&#46; On the fourth day of stay at the ward &#40;7 days since mushroom intake&#41;&#44; creatinine levels of 4&#46;2 mg&#47;dL &#40;as compared to a previous value of 1&#46;5 mg&#47;dL&#41; were reported to the nephrology department&#46; Urine&#58; Na 95 mmol&#47;L&#44; K 49&#46;08 mmol&#47;L&#44; urea 14&#46;94 g&#47;L&#44; creatinine 100 mg&#47;dL&#44; protein 0&#46;5 g&#47;L&#44; no RBCs&#46; Normal complete blood count without eosinophilia&#44; and normal C3 and C4&#46; A further evaluation ruled out a prerenal cause&#44; nephrotoxic agents&#44; and an obstructive cause &#40;by ultrasonography&#41;&#46; Since a relationship with mushroom intake was suspected&#44; mushrooms were analysed by an expert mycologist&#44; who identified several species&#44; including Amanita phalloides and Cortinarius orellanus&#46; Support measures were started and an adequate water balance was ensured&#46; Patient remained asymptomatic with a preserved urine output and maximum creatinine levels of 7&#46;1 mg&#47;dL with metabolic acidosis&#46; Liver enzymes and coagulation were normal&#46; Renal replacement therapy was not required at any time&#44; and kidney function gradually improved until basal creatinine levels of 2 mg&#47;dL were achieved&#46; These levels have been maintained to date&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Mushroom poisoning is classified into two large groups based on whether the time elapsed from intake to symptom occurrence is shorter or longer than 6 hours&#46; Poisonings caused by the Amanita and Cortinarius genera belong to the latter group &#40;2-21 days&#41;&#46; The potential occurrence of mixed syndromes due to the concomitant intake of several species&#44; as occurred in our case&#44; should also be taken into account&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Species from the genus Cortinarius have two types of toxins&#44; cortinarins and orellanines&#46; Orellanines show a high renal tropism&#44; inhibiting protein synthesis in tubular cells&#46; Orellanine degradation produces oxygen free radicals and glutathione depletion&#46; Orellanines remain in renal tissue for up to 6 months after intake&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Renal failure occurs in 30&#37;-75&#37; of all poisonings depending on individual sensitivity and the amount ingested&#46; End-stage chronic renal failure occurs in approximately one third&#44; temporal haemodialysis is required in another third in which total or partial recovery of kidney function is subsequently achieved&#44; and the remaining third experience no renal damage&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms initially occur&#46; These are associated to urinary frequency&#44; that is occasionally followed by an oliguric phase with onset of uremic symptoms&#46; Hepatic damage is rare&#44; and some cases of transient cytolysis have only been reported&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Renal biopsy mainly shows interstitial nephritis with tubular necrosis and infiltration by lymphocytes&#44; plasma cells&#44; and PMNs with no glomerular involvement&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There is no specific antidote&#46; Treatment should be supportive and symptomatic&#46; Haemodialysis and plasmapheresis are not effective for toxin removal because of the long symptom-free period involved in late diagnosis&#46; However&#44; good results have been reported in some cases when performed within 5 days of poisoning&#46; Use of corticoids and N-acetylcysteine for its antioxidant and glutathione-donating effect has been reported&#44; but their efficacy is controversial&#46; </p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
DOI:
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Idiomas
Nefrología (English Edition)