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<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">unperceived </span>losses&#160;and losses in urine&#44; faeces and perspiration must be offset by&#160;an adequate intake of liquids&#46; Our daily liquid requirements&#160;are determined by our individual metabolism&#44; environmental&#160;conditions and level of activity<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>and this not only varies from&#160;one person to another&#44; but also in the same person from one&#160;day to the next&#46; Our water requirements can be calculated&#160;from the data provided in table 1&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#160;</span>Body water balance is the result of equilibrium between the&#160;consumption and loss of liquids&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5 </span>When intake and losses are&#160;equal&#44; this balance is maintained&#46; Thirst is a physiological&#160;need which is mediated by complex mechanisms that are&#160;triggered by an imbalance and its primary aim is to achieve&#160;the replacement of liquids&#46;&#160;Methods for evaluating hydration include dilution and&#160;impedance techniques&#44; plasma indicators &#40;osmolality&#44;&#160;testosterone&#44; adrenaline&#44; noradrenaline&#44; cortisol&#44; atrial&#160;natriuretic peptide&#44; aldosterone&#44; blood urea nitrogen&#44; sodium&#44;&#160;potassium&#44; plasma proteins and haematocrit values&#41;&#44; changes&#160;in body weight and water loss &#40;in urine and faeces&#44; and&#160;during respiration and perspiration&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#160;</span>With the aim of evaluating the hydration levels of the&#160;Spanish population &#40;type and quantity of beverages&#160;consumed and times of day when liquids are ingested&#41;&#44; other&#160;factors associated with hydration &#40;physical activity and the&#160;context in which liquids are consumed&#41; and the consumption&#160;of bottled water amongst Spaniards&#44; the Spanish Nephrology&#160;Association conducted a specially designed telephone&#160;survey&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">MATERIAL AND METHODS&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The study was based on an epidemiological&#44; transversal&#160;population survey&#44; which involved the completion of a&#160;computer-assisted telephone interview &#40;CATI&#44; Computer&#160;Assisted Telephone Interviewing&#41;&#44; the only computerassisted&#160;survey of its kind in mainland Spain&#44; the Balearic&#160;Islands&#44; the Canary Islands&#44; Ceuta and Melilla&#46;&#160;A multi-stage&#44; randomised sample&#44; which was&#160;representative of the Spanish population &#40;the reference&#160;population included all the subjects of both sexes over 18&#160;years of age with their own telephone and resident in&#160;Spain&#41;&#44; was taken and stratified according to the age &#40;18-&#160;29 years&#59; 30-45 years&#59; 46-65 years&#59; over 65 years&#41;&#44;&#160;Autonomous Community and habitat of the survey&#160;participants &#40;rural&#44; semi-urban or urban&#44; the latter with a&#160;population of less or more than 20&#44;000&#41;&#46; Altogether a total&#160;of 20&#44;572 calls were made and from these 6&#44;508 valid&#160;questionnaires were obtained&#44; so the rate of response was&#160;31&#46;64&#37;&#46; The distribution according to age range and&#160;habitat was made in accordance with their distribution in&#160;the Spanish population &#40;Spanish Institute of Statistics&#44;&#160;INE 2004&#41; &#40;table 2&#41;&#46;&#160;When the size of the sample was calculated to estimate&#160;the percentage of people who are aware of the importance&#160;of healthy habits in looking after their bodies&#44; maximum&#160;variability was assumed &#40;P &#61; Q &#61; 50&#37;&#41; and an accuracy&#160;level of 1&#46;2&#37; was set&#44; so a sample size of 6&#44;504&#160;questionnaires was needed&#46;&#160;The consumption of liquids was assessed using a 24&#160;reminder system and domestic measurements&#44; which were&#160;later transformed to millilitres &#40;ml&#41;&#46; The types of ingested&#160;liquids which were analysed included water &#40;tap water&#41;&#44;&#160;mineral water &#40;bottled water&#41;&#44; juices&#44; soft drinks and other&#160;liquids &#40;coffee&#44; tea&#44; milk and alcoholic drinks&#41;&#46; The time&#160;of day when these liquids were consumed was also&#160;investigated&#46;&#160;An intake of 2 litres of liquid was defined as adequate for&#160;hydration purposes&#46; Physical activity&#44; the number of&#160;people per home and the number of children under the age&#160;of 16 or people over the age of 65 per home were also&#160;analysed&#46;&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Taking&#44; as our yardstick&#44; a consumption of 2L to be &#8220;good&#160;hydration&#8221;&#44; the average consumption of liquids was seen to&#160;be 2&#44;089&#46;5 &#177; 771&#46;4ml &#40;average 2&#44;000ml&#41; distributed as 6&#46;05&#160;drinks throughout the day&#46; However&#44; only 3&#44;423 people&#160;&#40;52&#46;6&#37;&#44; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93; 95&#37;&#44; 51&#46;38-53&#46;81&#37;&#41; were&#160;well hydrated when their individual consumption was&#160;evaluated in these terms&#46;&#160;With respect to age&#44; a decreasing linear tendency was&#160;observed in the frequency and quantity of liquids consumed&#44;&#160;as illustrated in table 3&#46; A key finding is the fact that 61&#37;&#160;&#40;CI 95&#37;&#44; 58&#46;64-64&#46;01&#37;&#41; of the participants over the age of&#160;65 years defined themselves as poorly hydrated&#46;&#160;In the same table we can see that&#44; in any of the age groups&#44;&#160;barely half of the interviewees drank the recommended&#160;amount of 2 litres&#46;&#160;Beverages were drunk at mealtimes &#40;morning&#44; midday&#44; midafternoon&#160;and evening&#41; and they were seldom consumed at&#160;other times&#46; At morning&#44; midday and evening&#44; consumption&#160;was little more than half a litre of drink per meal&#46; At midafternoon&#160;a slightly smaller amount was consumed and&#160;before breakfast 340ml &#40;data not tabulated&#41;&#46;&#160;The consumption of bottled water was more common&#160;amongst the youngest subjects and&#44; contrary to what&#160;happened in the case of bottled water&#44; it was found that the&#160;older participants were&#44; the more they consumed tap water&#160;&#40;table 4&#41;&#46;&#160;Fifty-two percent of the people who were interviewed&#160;performed some kind of moderate physical activity and 56&#37;&#160;practised sport regularly&#46; We observed that the more intense&#160;the physical activity&#44; the more liquids were consumed&#160;&#40;1&#44;987&#46;6 &#177; 705&#46;5 compared to 2&#44;345&#46;8 &#177; 928&#46;1ml for people&#160;who performed low or high-intensity physical activity&#160;respectively&#41;&#46; There was also a greater consumption of&#160;bottled water&#44; juices and soft drinks &#40;and a lower&#160;consumption of tap water&#41; amongst people who performed&#160;intense physical activity&#46; Consumption &#40;frequency and&#160;amount&#41; in accordance with physical activity is summarised&#160;in table 5&#46;&#160;With respect to the type of liquids which were consumed&#44; it&#160;can be seen that most people consumed tap water&#44; but&#44; as far&#160;as the frequency of consumption and volume consumed is&#160;concerned&#44; both mineral water and tap water were consumed&#160;much more widely than juices&#44; soft drinks and other liquids&#160;&#40;table 6&#41;&#46;&#160;Fifty-nine point eight percent &#40;CI 95&#37;&#44; 57&#46;83-61&#46;76&#37;&#41; of the&#160;people who preferred to consume natural mineral water&#160;consumed over 2 litres of liquid a day and drank a greater&#160;number of times a day and in greater amounts than the rest&#160;of the population &#40;data not tabulated&#41;&#46;&#160;There was a tendency to be more hydrated &#40;greater&#160;frequency and greater volume of liquids consumed&#41; when&#160;there were more people living in the home&#44; particularly when&#160;there were children in the home &#40;2&#44;197&#46;4 &#177; 767&#46;8 compared&#160;to 2&#44;055&#46;7 &#177; 769&#46;86ml in terms of volume and 6&#46;4 &#177; 2&#46;2&#160;compared to 5&#46;9 &#177; 1&#46;9 times in homes with and without&#160;children respectively&#41;&#46; There was also a greater consumption&#160;of bottled water&#44; juices and soft drinks and a lower&#160;consumption of tap water when there were children in the&#160;home&#46; There was a growing tendency to drink in the middle&#160;of the afternoon as the number of people who lived in the&#160;home increased&#59; on the other hand&#44; people who lived alone&#160;were more likely to have the habit of drinking before breakfast and at night&#46;&#160;The consumption of bottled water in the home was preferred&#160;by 79&#46;07&#37; of the people who took part in the survey&#44; but&#160;also at work by 15&#46;61&#37; of the same participants&#59; 91&#46;24&#37; of&#160;the participants preferred to drink tap water when they were&#160;at home and 7&#46;4&#37; when they were at work&#59; 72&#46;87&#37; of those&#160;who consumed juices and soft drinks did so at home&#44; 8&#46;09&#37;&#160;at work and 17&#46;09&#37; in bars and restaurants&#46; As far as other&#160;beverages &#40;coffee&#44; tea or milk&#41; are concerned&#44; these were&#160;consumed in 86&#46;13&#37; of cases in the home&#44; in 6&#46;19&#37; at work&#160;and in 7&#46;25&#37; in bars and restaurants&#46;&#160;Finally&#44; it was found that people who drank mineral water&#160;exceeded the 2 litres recommended to maintain good&#160;hydration &#40;table 7&#41;&#46;&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There is no single amount for liquid consumption which can&#160;ensure the proper hydration of half of the people who are&#160;apparently healthy under all environmental conditions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6 </span>This&#160;is why the Food and Nutrition Board established the&#160;corresponding recommended intakes for various stages of&#160;life and&#44; in the case of adults aged 19 to 50 years&#44; it&#160;established a liquid consumption of 3&#46;7 litres a day for men&#160;and 2&#46;7 litres a day for women&#44; although this consumption&#160;can increase considerably&#44; depending on the level of physical&#160;activity&#44; and in relative terms&#44; depending on the temperature&#160;of the environment&#46; When the recommendations for water&#160;consumption were established&#44; data from national US&#160;surveys was used&#46; In this country foodstuffs contribute 20 to&#160;30&#37; of our total water intake&#44; while beverages account for&#160;the remaining 70-80&#37;&#46; The reference values for the total&#160;consumption of water are based on the average water&#160;consumption recorded in NHANES III&#44; rounded off to the&#160;nearest 0&#46;1 litre value&#46; Foodstuffs are believed to supply&#160;approximately 20&#37; of our total water intake&#46;&#160;There are many other ways for empirically determining&#160;water requirements and one of these establishes the&#160;consumption of 1ml&#47;kcal&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7 </span>For an epidemiological study like&#160;this one it is difficult to determine an individual water&#160;requirement for each person calculated in this way so a&#160;minimum volume of 2 litres was regarded as &#8220;good&#160;hydration&#8221;&#46; The average liquid consumption of the Spanish&#160;population was seen to be sufficient and intake was&#160;consumed in 6 portions throughout the day &#40;not only at&#160;mealtimes&#41;&#46; It was also found that people who drank mineral&#160;water exceeded the 2 litres recommended to maintain good&#160;hydration&#46; However&#44; when actual individual consumption&#160;was analysed&#44; it was concluded that only half of the&#160;population in the survey were well hydrated&#46; Nevertheless&#44;&#160;there are obvious limitations to the data on the consumption&#160;of water and its variability between individuals&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#160;</span>Dehydration is the disorder most often associated with&#160;liquids and electrolytes in the most vulnerable elderly adults&#46;&#160;Dehydration is not a benign condition&#46; On the contrary&#44; it is&#160;associated with an increasing risk of falls&#44; urinary tract&#160;infections&#44; dental disease&#44; bronchopulmonary disorders&#44; kidney stones&#44; constipation and a decline in cognitive&#160;function in older adults&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>Patients with renal insufficiency &#40;or&#160;even acute renal failure in certain subjects subjected to&#160;extreme dehydration conditions&#41; are also at risk of&#160;dehydration&#46; In this study&#44; when liquid consumption was&#160;analysed with respect to age&#44; it was seen that there was a&#160;decreasing linear tendency in the frequency and amount of&#160;liquid consumed and that only 39&#37; of people over 65 years&#160;of age were well hydrated&#46; This data coincides with data&#160;from the 2004 Health and Nutrition Survey of Canada&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#160;</span>We also need to pay attention to the role of correct hydration&#160;in the dilution of the excreted metabolites of drugs in a&#160;population of people over the age of 65&#44; who are often&#160;polymedicated &#40;68&#37; of pensioners consume one or more&#160;drugs&#41;&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10 </span>as this would facilitate a lower level of renal&#160;function stress&#46;&#160;With respect to the types of drinks which are consumed&#160;according to age&#44; the data shows that the consumption of&#160;bottled water was more common amongst younger people&#44;&#160;whilst tap water consumption was greater amongst people&#160;over 65 years of age&#46; There is currently no data on the&#160;Spanish population which we can contrast with these&#160;findings&#46;&#160;It was observed that when physical activity increased&#44; the&#160;consumption of liquids increased &#40;especially bottled water&#44;&#160;juices and soft drinks&#41;&#46; It is known that one of the factors&#160;which most increase water requirements is physical activity&#46;&#160;Athletes are a population group whose state of hydration is&#160;critical to their activity and&#44; in fact&#44; their performance can be&#160;compromised by a deficit of body liquids&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#160;</span>The data from this survey enables us to suggest that the more&#160;people who live in a home&#44; the better individual hydration is&#160;and more so when there are children in the home&#46; It is not&#160;yet known what the reason behind this phenomenon might&#160;be&#44; but we think it might be due to greater attention being&#160;paid to diet and other related aspects within the family&#46; In&#160;agreement with this tendency&#44; we observed that preferences&#160;in the consumption of liquids were also more select in&#160;homes with children &#40;bottled water&#44; juices and soft drinks&#41;&#46;&#160;This data partially coincides with data released by the&#160;Nutrition Committee of the Spanish Paediatric Society&#44;&#160;which indicated that the consumption of juices increased by&#160;26&#46;7&#37; and the consumption of soft drinks by 41&#46;5&#37; from&#160;1991 to 2001&#46; However&#44; the consumption of juices and soft&#160;drinks can lead to a lower consumption of foods and&#160;beverages of greater nutritional value&#44; such as milk&#44; so&#160;measures should be introduced to encourage the&#160;consumption of water and milk and to reduce the&#160;consumption of soft drinks&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#160;</span>In Mexico the energy value of beverages with respect to total&#160;energy intake throughout the day is as much as 20&#46;1&#37; and&#160;this figure reaches 22&#46;3&#37; in the teenage and adult&#160;population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13 </span>The replacement of sweetened drinks by plain&#160;water has been widely recommended and could reduce the&#160;calorie levels of the diet of people who are overweight&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14 </span>In&#160;addition&#44; it has been discovered that&#44; when food is consumed&#160;together with energy drinks &#40;juices and soft drinks&#41;&#44; food&#160;intake is increased and also its energy value but without it&#160;having any significant effect in terms of sating our appetite&#59;&#160;this may be due to the fact that the sensory properties of&#160;energy drinks modifies food consumption&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15 </span>This recent&#160;evidence&#44; which comes from a clinical study that&#160;investigated the consumption of food when accompanied by&#160;six different types of beverages&#44; is in addition to the findings&#160;of 30 publications &#40;15 transversal&#44; 10 prospective and 10&#160;experimental studies&#41; in which it was demonstrated that the&#160;consumption of beverages containing sugar is definitely&#160;associated with weight gain and obesity&#44; both in children and&#160;adults&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16 </span>In an adult population with non-alcoholic fatty liver&#160;&#40;a manifestation of metabolic syndrome&#44; which is a&#160;consequence of bad nutritional habits&#41; an excessive&#160;consumption of soft drinks has also been described&#44; this&#160;being an independent factor for the prediction of fatty liver&#160;in 82&#46;5&#37; of cases&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17 </span>Although more research needs to be&#160;done on this subject&#44; there is sufficient evidence to propose&#160;public health strategies that limit the consumption of sugary&#160;drinks as part of a healthy life style&#46; It needs to be&#160;remembered&#44; nevertheless&#44; that the data obtained from this&#160;study permits us to conclude that&#44; in Spain at least&#44; the&#160;majority of the population drink mostly water&#44; albeit mineral&#160;or tap water&#44; and they do so more often and in greater&#160;quantities than other drinks&#46;&#160;With regard to the consumption of other beverages&#44; no other&#160;drink stands out and&#44; if this had been the case&#44; three facts would need to be taken into account&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41; </span>that the&#160;consumption of coffee&#44; tea and other drinks which contain&#160;caffeine does not increase the elimination of urine or have&#160;a negative effect on hydration indicators in individuals&#160;who are accustomed to consuming caffeine&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41; </span>that the&#160;consumption of milk is the consumption which is most&#160;associated with the intake of calcium&#44; as occurs with the&#160;consumption of fruit juices&#59; c&#41; that the consumption of&#160;soft drinks correlates negatively with the consumption of&#160;calcium&#44; but proper advice on diet and the addition of&#160;calcium to some foods and drinks has enabled this&#160;deficiency to be prevented&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19 </span>So we do not limit ourselves&#160;to recommending mineral water as a means of hydration&#44;&#160;although the effect of beverages other than mineral water&#160;during meals on the consumption of food needs to be&#160;considered&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15 </span>In addition&#44; it has been reported that people&#160;with a healthier eating pattern are more likely to exhibit&#160;an equally healthier pattern with regard to non-energy&#160;drinks&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20 </span>In this study the diet of the participants was not&#160;analysed&#46;&#160;There are some aspects which represent limitations to this&#160;study&#46; These include intrinsic aspects of sampling &#40;the level&#160;of non-responders&#44; the population with no telephone which&#160;could not be accessed&#41; and the intrinsic limitations of the&#160;transversal nature of the survey&#44; which do not allow causeeffect&#160;relationships to be clearly identified&#46; Other limitations&#160;might be the absence of accurate ways of measuring other&#160;aspects that influence the ingestion of liquids and hydration&#160;&#40;climate&#44; the amount of perspiration&#44; the amount of food&#160;which is ingested and whether it is solid or semi-solid&#41;&#46;&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSIONS&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">People hydrate themselves when they drink water or other&#160;beverages and when they eat foods which naturally contain&#160;water or to which water is added during their preparation&#46;&#160;The real intake of liquids differs from one individual to&#160;another and is determined by thirst&#44; habits&#44; cultural factors&#44;&#160;access&#44; taste and other important factors&#44; such as physical&#160;activity&#46;&#160;Only 3&#44;423 people &#40;52&#46;6&#37; of the study sample&#41; were well&#160;hydrated&#59; however&#44; average consumption was 2&#44;089&#46;5 &#177;&#160;771&#46;4ml&#44; which was consumed in 6&#46;05 portions during the&#160;day&#46; It was found that people who preferred to drink mineral&#160;water exceeded the 2 litres recommended to maintain good&#160;hydration&#46;&#160;The more intense physical activity was&#44; the greater the&#160;amount of liquids consumed and&#44; in particular&#44; the amount of&#160;bottled water&#44; juices and soft drinks&#46;&#160;With respect to age&#44; a decreasing linear tendency in the&#160;frequency and amount of liquids consumed was observed&#46;&#160;Sixty-one percent of people over the age of 65 years were&#160;poorly hydrated&#46;&#160;The consumption of bottled water was more common&#160;amongst the youngest participants and that of tap water&#160;amongst the population over 65 years of age&#46; Most of the&#160;people who were interviewed drank tap water&#44; but&#44; as far as&#160;the frequency of consumption and volume consumed is&#160;concerned&#44; both mineral water and tap water were consumed&#160;much more widely than juices&#44; soft drinks and other liquids&#46;&#160;There was a greater frequency and volume of liquid intake in&#160;people who lived with others in the same home&#44; particularly&#160;when they lived with children&#44; and the consumption of&#160;bottled water&#44; juices and soft drinks in these homes was also&#160;greater&#46;&#160;Bottled and tap water were consumed preferentially in the&#160;home&#44; but also at work&#44; while the consumption of juices and&#160;soft drinks occurred more in bars and restaurants than in the&#160;home and at work&#46;&#160;Only half of the Spanish population is well hydrated&#46; As&#160;water is a vital liquid&#44; which enables a multitude of functions&#160;to be performed in the body and&#44; in the case of the Spanish&#160;population&#44; it constitutes part of the consumption profile&#44; it&#160;is imperative to promote its consumption and&#44; in particular&#44;&#160;to foster the drinking of water which is bacteriologically safe&#160;and compositionally stable&#46;&#160;<span class="elsevierStyleBold"></span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Acknowledgements&#160;</span>The Bah&#237;a 2008 study was sponsored by the Spanish Nephrology Society&#160;and received a grant from Aguas Font Vella and Lanjar&#243;n S&#46;A&#46;&#160;&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10196108&#95;a12&#95;t1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10196108_a12_t1.jpg" alt="Calculation of Daily Liquid Requirements"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Calculation of Daily Liquid Requirements</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10196108&#95;a12&#95;t2&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10196108_a12_t2.jpg" alt="Distribution of the sample according to sex&#44; age and autonomous community"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Distribution of the sample according to sex&#44; age and autonomous community</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10196108&#95;a12&#95;t3&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10196108_a12_t3.jpg" alt="Water consumption distributed according to age &#40;frequency and amount&#41;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 3&#46; Water consumption distributed according to age &#40;frequency and amount&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10196108&#95;a12&#95;t4&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10196108_a12_t4.jpg" alt="Consumption of different liquids depending on age &#40;percentage of survey participants&#41;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 4&#46; Consumption of different liquids depending on age &#40;percentage of survey participants&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10196108&#95;a12&#95;t5&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10196108_a12_t5.jpg" alt="Water Consumption &#40;Frequency and Amount&#41; depending on Physical Activity"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 5&#46; Water Consumption &#40;Frequency and Amount&#41; depending on Physical Activity</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10196108&#95;a12&#95;t6&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10196108_a12_t6.jpg" alt="Consumption of different liquids"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 6&#46; Consumption of different liquids</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10196108&#95;a12&#95;t7&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10196108_a12_t7.jpg" alt="Data on good hydration &#40;frequency of consumption &#62; 2L&#44; frequency of consumption&#47;day&#44; volume consumed&#47;day&#41;&#44; depending on the type of beverage consumed"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 7&#46; Data on good hydration &#40;frequency of consumption &#62; 2L&#44; frequency of consumption&#47;day&#44; volume consumed&#47;day&#41;&#44; depending on the type of beverage consumed</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">BACKGROUND&#58; Vital functions require a balance between the loss and ingestion of liquids&#46; There are no studies about hydration on Spanish population&#46; METHODS&#58; 6&#46;508 questionnaires were applied to a randomly selected Spanish population&#44; together with a 24-hour recall in order to measure liquid consumption and variables related to it&#46; RESULTS&#58; the average consumption of liquids was 2&#46;089&#44;5 &#177; 771&#44;4 and 6&#44;05 drinking times&#47;day&#46; 3&#46;423 persons &#40;52&#44;6&#37; of the studied people&#44; CI95&#37; 51&#44;3&#37;-53&#44;8&#37; &#41; were well-hydrated when considering their individual intake&#46; The frequency and volume of drinking decreased with age&#46; 61&#37; &#40;CI95&#37; 58&#46;64&#37;-64&#44;01&#37;&#41; of the population older than 65 years were badly hydrated&#46; The greatest bottled water consumption corresponded to the youngest population &#40;18-29 years&#41;&#46; The greater the physical activity&#44; the greater the beverages consumption &#40;1&#46;987&#44;6&#177;705&#44;5 ml vs 2&#46;345&#44;8&#177;928&#44;1 ml&#44; low vs&#46; intense physical activity&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; With regard to the intake frequency and volume&#44; mineral and tap water were the most consumed&#46; Those who drank mineral water exceeded the 2 l-recommendation in order to maintain a good hydration status&#46; 59&#44;8&#37;&#40;CI95&#37; 57&#44;83&#37;-61&#44;76&#37;&#41; of those who preferred mineral water drank more than 2 l&#47;day and drank more times&#47;day and in greater amounts&#46; There was a greater frequency and amount of beverage consumption when people lived in the same house&#44; and particularly more in houses where children were living &#40;2&#46;197&#44; 4&#177;767&#44;8 ml vs 2&#46;055&#44;7&#177;769&#44;86 ml y 6&#44;4&#177;2&#46;2 times &#177; 5&#44;9&#177;1&#44;9 times&#44; in homes with or without children&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;Bottled water was preferred at home &#40;79&#44;07&#37;&#41; and at work &#40;15&#44;61&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">ANTECEDENTES&#58; Las funciones vitales requieren un equilibrio entre p&#233;rdidas de l&#237;quidos e ingesti&#243;n de &#233;stos&#46; No existen datos sobre hidrataci&#243;n en la poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola&#46; La Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Nefrolog&#237;a puso en marcha el presente estudio&#46; M&#201;TODOS&#58; Se aplicaron 6&#44;508 encuestas en poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola aleatoriamente seleccionada y recordatorio de 24 horas para medir consumo de l&#237;quidos y variables asociadas a su consumo&#46; RESULTADOS&#58; se observ&#243; un consumo medio de l&#237;quidos de 2&#46;089&#44;5 &#177; 771&#44;4 ml en 6&#44;05 tomas&#47;d&#237;a&#46; 3&#46;423 personas &#40;52&#44;6&#37; de la muestra&#44; IC95&#37; 51&#44;3&#37;-53&#44;8&#37;&#41; estuvieron bien hidratadas al considerar su consumo individual&#46; La frecuencia y cantidad de ingesti&#243;n de l&#237;quidos disminuy&#243; seg&#250;n aumentaba la edad&#46; Un 61&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 58&#46;6&#37;-64&#44;0&#37;&#41; de los mayores de 65 a&#241;os no estuvieron bien hidratados&#46; El mayor consumo de agua embotellada fue en j&#243;venes &#40;19-29 a&#241;os&#41;&#46; A mayor intensidad de actividad f&#237;sica&#44; mayor cantidad de l&#237;quidos ingeridos &#40;1&#46;987&#44;6&#177; 705&#44;5 ml vs 2&#46;345&#44;8&#177; 928&#44;1 ml&#44; actividad f&#237;sica baja e intensa&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; En cuanto a frecuencia de consumo y volumen ingerido&#44; el agua mineral y agua del grifo fueron mucho m&#225;s consumidas que otras bebidas&#46; Quienes beben agua mineral superan los 2 litros recomendados para mantener una buena hidrataci&#243;n&#46; Un 59&#44;8&#37; &#40;IC95&#37; 57&#44;8&#37;-61&#44;7&#37;&#41; de quienes prefer&#237;an agua mineral natural ingirieron m&#225;s de 2 l de l&#237;quido al d&#237;a y bebieron mayor n&#250;mero de veces&#47;d&#237;a y en mayor cantidad&#46; Se observ&#243; mayor frecuencia e ingesti&#243;n de l&#237;quidos en personas viviendo en el mismo hogar&#44; y particularmente cuando hab&#237;an ni&#241;os &#40;2&#46;197&#44; 4&#177;767&#44;8 ml vs 2&#46;055&#44;7&#177;769&#44;86 ml y 6&#44;4&#177;2&#46;2 veces versus 5&#44;9 &#177; 1&#44;9 veces&#44; en hogares con y sin ni&#241;os&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; El agua embotellada se consumi&#243; preferentemente en casa &#40;79&#44;07&#37;&#41; y en el trabajo &#40;15&#44;61&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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