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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">To the Editor&#44;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In a typical case of sarcoidosis&#44; the patient will present with pulmonary lesions&#44; be diagnosed&#44; and later develop renal disorder&#46; Nevertheless&#44; in rare cases&#44; renal symptoms may precede pulmonary symptoms&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In this article&#44; we present the case of a male patient aged 18 years&#44; employed as an animal caregiver&#46; He was admitted to the emergency department of his referral hospital due to a long-term fever&#44; and while hospitalised&#44; he developed sub-acute renal failure&#46; He was subsequently referred to our department for evaluation&#59; with plasma creatinine &#40;PCr&#41; values of 6mg&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">He had experienced a high fever during 2 months&#44; which began a week after a suspicious tick bite&#46; Fever was present daily following no particular schedule&#44; and he also had night sweating&#46; The local hospital had provided him with different empirical antibiotic treatments for a suspected case of boutonneuse fever or other infectious diseases&#46; Upon admission&#44; antibiotic treatment had been discontinued for 20 days and fever persisted&#46; Results from the analysis upon admission are shown in Table 1&#46; Other relevant data&#58; circulating immune complexes&#44; 54&#46;9&#181;g&#47;ml&#59; 1&#46;25&#40;OH&#41;2D&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleInf"> </span>8&#46;6pg&#47;ml&#59; 25&#40;OH&#41;D&#44; 8&#46;1pg&#47;ml&#59; ACE&#44; 23IU&#47;l&#46; All results were negative for a wide-range of infections&#46; Thoracic x-ray&#58; normal upon admission&#59; 1 month later&#44; signs of small bibasilar pulmonary infiltrates with halo sign&#46; Axial computed tomography was normal&#46; Renal ultrasound was normal&#46; The lung scintigraphy image is shown in Figure 1&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The decrease in renal function initially suggested a pre-renal &#43;&#47;- post-infectious origin&#44; possibly in association with acute tubular necrosis&#46; During the first days&#44; renal function improved progressively before worsening once again&#44; with values returning to those measured upon admission &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46; Proteinuria&#44; which was initially in the non-nephrotic range &#40;1-2g&#47;24h&#41;&#44; later reached the nephrotic range &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46; In light of the above data&#44; doctors decided to perform a renal biopsy &#40;26 August 2011&#41;&#46; After receiving the results from the biopsy and the lung scintigraphy&#44; treatment was initiated with prednisone 1mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#59; the fever resolved&#44; PCr improved &#40;1&#46;5mg&#47;dl&#41; and proteinuria also improved&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our final diagnosis was stage II chronic kidney disease secondary to sarcoidosis with mild hypercalcaemia and granulomatous interstitial nephritis &#43;&#47;- associated with glomerular process&#44; secondary hypoparathyroidism and distal tubular acidosis secondary to interstitial nephritis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hypercalcaemia is the most frequently detected abnormality in sarcoidosis&#44; and is present in between 10&#37; and 15&#37; of cases&#46; The mechanism leading to hypercalcaemia works due to activated macrophages in the lungs and lymph nodes being capable of increasing calcitriol production&#46; In our patient&#44; 1&#44;25&#40;OH&#41; and 25&#40;OH&#41; vitamin D levels were low&#44; possibly due to the long period of hospitalisation without exposure to sunlight&#46; In addition&#44; we detected severe suppression of parathyroid hormone &#40;PTH&#41; despite the fact that PTH levels should have been higher according to the patient&#39;s stage of chronic kidney disease&#46; We concluded that the decrease in PTH levels was caused by hypercalcaemia&#44; despite the fact that vitamin D values were not elevated&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Approximately 20&#37; of patients with sarcoidosis have a granulomatous renal disease&#46; Granulomatous interstitial nephritis is common in sarcoidosis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span>&#59; however&#44; development of manifest clinical symptoms of renal failure is unusual&#46; In the case in question&#44; however&#44; the patient did present evident kidney disease&#44; and made good progress when treated with steroids&#46; The decrease in renal function in such cases is mild to moderate&#44; and on other occasions&#44; glycosuria&#44; renal tubular acidosis and abnormal values due to tubular damage have been observed&#46; This was probably also true for our patient&#44; who suffered from metabolic acidosis throughout the hospital stay&#44; with polyuria&#44; no aminoaciduria&#44; and requiring oral bicarbonate even when renal function was at its best levels&#46; For this reason we suspected distal tubular acidosis&#44; and the condition resolved with treatment&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Lastly&#44; glomerular damage in sarcoidosis is the third and least frequent form of renal involvement&#46; Membranous glomerulonephritis is the most widely-documented histological form&#44; and nephropathy with minimal changes &#40;which we suspected of in our patient&#41; is rarely observed&#46; It progresses clinically with varying levels of proteinuria&#44; and it is frequently accompanied by nephrotic syndrome with active sediment&#46; In our case we did not detect complete nephrotic syndrome&#44; but proteinuria within the nephrotic range was found in some samples&#44; and this cannot be attributed to the tubular disease alone&#46; For this reason&#44; and given the absence of glomerular disease according to the simple microscope image and the absence of immune deposits&#44; we believe that an additional glomerular process was involved&#46; We think that minimal lesions were present&#44; but cannot confirm this hypothesis since no electron microscope examination was made that would confirm presence of such lesions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our case stands out because our patient presented all 3 basic kidney abnormalities that can be caused by sarcoidosis &#40;and response to treatment was excellent&#41;&#46; It was also interesting that he would experience hypoparathyroidism and distal tubular acidosis&#44; both secondary to sarcoid infiltration&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors affirm that they have no conflicts of interest related to the content of this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11264&#95;19157&#95;29344&#95;en&#95;t&#95;1&#95;11264&#95;&#95;&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11264_19157_29344_en_t_1_11264__.jpg" alt="Evolution of analysis results"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Evolution of analysis results</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11264&#95;19157&#95;29345&#95;en&#95;f1&#95;11264&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11264_19157_29345_en_f1_11264.jpg" alt="Lung scintigraphy of sarcoid lesions"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Lung scintigraphy of sarcoid lesions</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11264&#95;19157&#95;29346&#95;en&#95;f2&#95;11264&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11264_19157_29346_en_f2_11264.jpg" alt="Table showing evolution of proteinuria and renal function"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Table showing evolution of proteinuria and renal function</p>"
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Sub-acute renal failure in patient with fever of unknown origin
Fracaso renal subagudo en paciente con fiebre de origen desconocido
Manuel Polaina-Rusilloa, Josefa Borrego-Hinojosaa, César Ramírez-Tortosab, M. del Pilar Pérez-del Barrioa, Enoc Merino-Garcíaa, Antonio Liébana-Cañadaa
a Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Ciudad de Jaén, Jaén,
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Ciudad de Jaén, Jaén,
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Fever was present daily following no particular schedule&#44; and he also had night sweating&#46; The local hospital had provided him with different empirical antibiotic treatments for a suspected case of boutonneuse fever or other infectious diseases&#46; Upon admission&#44; antibiotic treatment had been discontinued for 20 days and fever persisted&#46; Results from the analysis upon admission are shown in Table 1&#46; Other relevant data&#58; circulating immune complexes&#44; 54&#46;9&#181;g&#47;ml&#59; 1&#46;25&#40;OH&#41;2D&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleInf"> </span>8&#46;6pg&#47;ml&#59; 25&#40;OH&#41;D&#44; 8&#46;1pg&#47;ml&#59; ACE&#44; 23IU&#47;l&#46; All results were negative for a wide-range of infections&#46; Thoracic x-ray&#58; normal upon admission&#59; 1 month later&#44; signs of small bibasilar pulmonary infiltrates with halo sign&#46; Axial computed tomography was normal&#46; Renal ultrasound was normal&#46; The lung scintigraphy image is shown in Figure 1&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The decrease in renal function initially suggested a pre-renal &#43;&#47;- post-infectious origin&#44; possibly in association with acute tubular necrosis&#46; During the first days&#44; renal function improved progressively before worsening once again&#44; with values returning to those measured upon admission &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46; Proteinuria&#44; which was initially in the non-nephrotic range &#40;1-2g&#47;24h&#41;&#44; later reached the nephrotic range &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46; In light of the above data&#44; doctors decided to perform a renal biopsy &#40;26 August 2011&#41;&#46; After receiving the results from the biopsy and the lung scintigraphy&#44; treatment was initiated with prednisone 1mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#59; the fever resolved&#44; PCr improved &#40;1&#46;5mg&#47;dl&#41; and proteinuria also improved&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our final diagnosis was stage II chronic kidney disease secondary to sarcoidosis with mild hypercalcaemia and granulomatous interstitial nephritis &#43;&#47;- associated with glomerular process&#44; secondary hypoparathyroidism and distal tubular acidosis secondary to interstitial nephritis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hypercalcaemia is the most frequently detected abnormality in sarcoidosis&#44; and is present in between 10&#37; and 15&#37; of cases&#46; The mechanism leading to hypercalcaemia works due to activated macrophages in the lungs and lymph nodes being capable of increasing calcitriol production&#46; In our patient&#44; 1&#44;25&#40;OH&#41; and 25&#40;OH&#41; vitamin D levels were low&#44; possibly due to the long period of hospitalisation without exposure to sunlight&#46; In addition&#44; we detected severe suppression of parathyroid hormone &#40;PTH&#41; despite the fact that PTH levels should have been higher according to the patient&#39;s stage of chronic kidney disease&#46; We concluded that the decrease in PTH levels was caused by hypercalcaemia&#44; despite the fact that vitamin D values were not elevated&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Approximately 20&#37; of patients with sarcoidosis have a granulomatous renal disease&#46; Granulomatous interstitial nephritis is common in sarcoidosis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span>&#59; however&#44; development of manifest clinical symptoms of renal failure is unusual&#46; In the case in question&#44; however&#44; the patient did present evident kidney disease&#44; and made good progress when treated with steroids&#46; The decrease in renal function in such cases is mild to moderate&#44; and on other occasions&#44; glycosuria&#44; renal tubular acidosis and abnormal values due to tubular damage have been observed&#46; This was probably also true for our patient&#44; who suffered from metabolic acidosis throughout the hospital stay&#44; with polyuria&#44; no aminoaciduria&#44; and requiring oral bicarbonate even when renal function was at its best levels&#46; For this reason we suspected distal tubular acidosis&#44; and the condition resolved with treatment&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Lastly&#44; glomerular damage in sarcoidosis is the third and least frequent form of renal involvement&#46; Membranous glomerulonephritis is the most widely-documented histological form&#44; and nephropathy with minimal changes &#40;which we suspected of in our patient&#41; is rarely observed&#46; It progresses clinically with varying levels of proteinuria&#44; and it is frequently accompanied by nephrotic syndrome with active sediment&#46; In our case we did not detect complete nephrotic syndrome&#44; but proteinuria within the nephrotic range was found in some samples&#44; and this cannot be attributed to the tubular disease alone&#46; For this reason&#44; and given the absence of glomerular disease according to the simple microscope image and the absence of immune deposits&#44; we believe that an additional glomerular process was involved&#46; We think that minimal lesions were present&#44; but cannot confirm this hypothesis since no electron microscope examination was made that would confirm presence of such lesions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our case stands out because our patient presented all 3 basic kidney abnormalities that can be caused by sarcoidosis &#40;and response to treatment was excellent&#41;&#46; It was also interesting that he would experience hypoparathyroidism and distal tubular acidosis&#44; both secondary to sarcoid infiltration&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors affirm that they have no conflicts of interest related to the content of this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11264&#95;19157&#95;29344&#95;en&#95;t&#95;1&#95;11264&#95;&#95;&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11264_19157_29344_en_t_1_11264__.jpg" alt="Evolution of analysis results"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Evolution of analysis results</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11264&#95;19157&#95;29345&#95;en&#95;f1&#95;11264&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11264_19157_29345_en_f1_11264.jpg" alt="Lung scintigraphy of sarcoid lesions"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Lung scintigraphy of sarcoid lesions</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11264&#95;19157&#95;29346&#95;en&#95;f2&#95;11264&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11264_19157_29346_en_f2_11264.jpg" alt="Table showing evolution of proteinuria and renal function"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Table showing evolution of proteinuria and renal function</p>"
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ISSN: 20132514
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