Visual and verbal learning in a genetic metabolic disorder☆
Section snippets
Study I: normative study of the Visual Learning and Memory Test (VLMT)
The purpose of Study I was to provide a normative database for the VLMT by gathering data on a large group of control subjects, as well as to establish the reliability and validity of the VLMT as a new measure of visual learning and memory.
Study II: visual and verbal learning and memory
The aim of Study II was to examine possible dissociations between verbal and visual learning and memory performances in individuals with cystinosis as well as to assess changes in performance as individuals with the disorder age.
Study III—intervention study: use of the Visual Learning and Memory Test-3 s Exposure Time (VLMT-3″)
The current study aimed to remediate the observed visual learning deficit observed in cystinosis with an intervention that increased exposure time to visual information.
Overall discussion
The current study has implications for a better understanding of the behavioral phenotype associated with cystinosis. The results indicate a dissociation between visual and verbal learning and memory such that visual learning and memory is significantly more affected than verbal learning and memory.
These results, taken collectively with the results from prior studies, indicate that individuals with cystinosis have deficits in visual learning and memory, visuospatial abilities (Ballantyne &
Limitations and future directions
The current study yields important information about the cognitive deficits in cystinosis, which can be examined further in future studies. The results of the current study suggest that processing visual information given a short exposure time may be the core deficit in VLMT performance in cystinosis. One potential hypothesis is that, perhaps, individuals with cystinosis have an impairment in visual processing speed. However, the VLMT was intended as a test of visual learning and memory, not of
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2022, Building and EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :These two tests require subjects to obtain answers through mental arithmetic and then click the numeric keypad on the screen to enter the results. Visual learning is used to examine perception, attention, and working memory abilities [47]. It is presented on the screen in the form of a 3 × 3 grid.
Visual and verbal learning and memory in cystinosis
2019, Brain and CognitionCitation Excerpt :Taken together these results indicate that adults with cystinosis who have received consistent treatment with a cysteine-depleting agent since early life have normal visual and verbal learning and memory. In contrast, Spilkin et al. (2009) past study demonstrated an overall decline in functioning on the VLMT and the CVLT as individuals with cystinosis aged. However, the adults with cystinosis in this current study performed equivalently to an age matched control group and there was no indication of a decline.
Neurocognitive Complications of Cystinosis
2017, Journal of PediatricsCystinosis in adult and adolescent patients: Recommendations for the comprehensive care of cystinosis
2015, NefrologiaCitation Excerpt :Subacute/progressive presentation: intracranial hypertension, cerebral atrophy, ataxia, pyramidalism, gait disorders, basal and periventricular lymph node calcifications, demyelination of white matter, mental deterioration58–66 Neurocognitive alterations:67–73 in cystinotic patients, a specific profile of alterations in visual-motor integration, visual memory, maintained attention, planning, motor processing speed and arithmetic calculation have been described. Consequently, they account for a significant incidence of social difficulties that could explain the behavioural phenotype in some patients.
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This project was funded by the Cystinosis Foundation, the Oaktree Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health (NINDS 5-P50-NS22343).