Recovery of renal function in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment
Recuperación de la función renal en enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis
Read
19856
Timeswas read the article
3111
Total PDF
16745
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:21 [ "pii" => "X2013251412000957" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2011.Dec.11194" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2012;32:166-71" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 12368 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 300 "HTML" => 10999 "PDF" => 1069 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:17 [ "pii" => "X021169951200095X" "issn" => "02116995" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2011.Dec.11194" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia. 2012;32:166-71" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 85240 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 312 "HTML" => 83827 "PDF" => 1101 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Recuperación de la función renal en enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "166" "paginaFinal" => "171" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Recovery of renal function in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "11194_108_24397_es_11194_t1.jpg" "Alto" => 635 "Ancho" => 499 "Tamanyo" => 186855 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "Datos basales de la población estudiada" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Milagros Fernández Lucas, Milagros Fernández-Lucas, José Luis Teruel Briones, José L. Teruel-Briones, Antonio Gomis, Jhon Fernández Rodriguez, Jhon Fernández-Rodríguez, Gloria Ruiz Roso, Gloria Ruiz-Roso, Franz Fernández Rodriguez, Franz Fernández-Rodríguez, Carlos Quereda" "autores" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Milagros" "apellidos" => "Fernández Lucas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Milagros" "apellidos" => "Fernández-Lucas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Luis" "apellidos" => "Teruel Briones" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José L." "apellidos" => "Teruel-Briones" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antonio" "apellidos" => "Gomis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jhon" "apellidos" => "Fernández Rodriguez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jhon" "apellidos" => "Fernández-Rodríguez" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gloria" "apellidos" => "Ruiz Roso" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gloria" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Roso" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Franz" "apellidos" => "Fernández Rodriguez" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Franz" "apellidos" => "Fernández-Rodríguez" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Quereda" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "X2013251412000957" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2011.Dec.11194" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251412000957?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X021169951200095X?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/02116995/0000003200000002/v0_201502091353/X021169951200095X/v0_201502091353/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:17 [ "pii" => "X2013251412000949" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Jan.11132" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2012;32:172-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 6769 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 268 "HTML" => 5633 "PDF" => 868 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Study of arteriovenous fistula function by the temperature gradient method using the Twister' device" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "172" "paginaFinal" => "179" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio de la función de la fístula arteriovenosa mediante la técnica de gradiente de temperatura y utilizando el dispositivo Twister®" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "11132_16025_27931_en_f1_11132.jpg" "Alto" => 789 "Ancho" => 1050 "Tamanyo" => 1205879 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The TwisterTM device" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ramon Roca-Tey, Rosa Samon, Omar Ibrik, Amparo Roda, Juan C. González-Oliva, Jordi Viladoms" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ramon" "apellidos" => "Roca-Tey" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rosa" "apellidos" => "Samon" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Omar" "apellidos" => "Ibrik" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Amparo" "apellidos" => "Roda" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan C." "apellidos" => "González-Oliva" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jordi" "apellidos" => "Viladoms" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "X0211699512000941" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Jan.11132" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0211699512000941?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251412000949?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000003200000002/v0_201502091616/X2013251412000949/v0_201502091616/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "X2013251412000965" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2011.Dec.11210" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2012;32:160-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 6555 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 303 "HTML" => 5224 "PDF" => 1028 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Medical therapy with tranexamic acid in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients with severe haematuria" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "160" "paginaFinal" => "165" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Tratamiento con ácido tranexámico de la hematuria incoercible en la poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "11210_16025_27914_en_t1_11210i.jpg" "Alto" => 1146 "Ancho" => 2225 "Tamanyo" => 1192021 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical data from ADPKD patients before and after medical therapy with tranexamic acid" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ramón Peces, Ana Aguilar, Cristina Vega, Emilio Cuesta, Carlos Peces, Rafael Selgas" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ramón" "apellidos" => "Peces" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Aguilar" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Vega" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emilio" "apellidos" => "Cuesta" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Peces" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rafael" "apellidos" => "Selgas" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "X0211699512000968" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2011.Dec.11210" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0211699512000968?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251412000965?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000003200000002/v0_201502091616/X2013251412000965/v0_201502091616/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Recovery of renal function in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "166" "paginaFinal" => "171" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Milagros Fernández Lucas, Milagros Fernández-Lucas, José Luis Teruel Briones, José L. Teruel-Briones, Antonio Gomis, Jhon Fernández Rodriguez, Jhon Fernández-Rodríguez, Gloria Ruiz Roso, Gloria Ruiz-Roso, Franz Fernández Rodriguez, Franz Fernández-Rodríguez, Carlos Quereda" "autores" => array:12 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Milagros" "apellidos" => "Fernández Lucas" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mfernandez.hrc@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Milagros" "apellidos" => "Fernández-Lucas" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mfernandez.hrc@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "José Luis" "apellidos" => "Teruel Briones" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "José L." "apellidos" => "Teruel-Briones" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Antonio" "apellidos" => "Gomis" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jhon" "apellidos" => "Fernández Rodriguez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jhon" "apellidos" => "Fernández-Rodríguez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gloria" "apellidos" => "Ruiz Roso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gloria" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Roso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Franz" "apellidos" => "Fernández Rodriguez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Franz" "apellidos" => "Fernández-Rodríguez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Quereda" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Nefrología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Recuperación de la función renal en enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "11194_16025_27946_en_t1_11194i_copia.jpg" "Alto" => 1322 "Ancho" => 1067 "Tamanyo" => 930838 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline values for the study population" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Patients with chronic kidney disease that have required dialysis for over 90 days have little chance of recovering enough renal function to warrant removal from renal replacement therapy. In studies based on the data from large-scale registries, only 0.8%-2.5% of patients experienced such a recovery.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-5</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Three months is considered to be a sufficient time period for correcting the possible concurrent aggravating factors, and for kidney regeneration mechanisms to have yielded the maximum possible level of renal recovery. On the other hand, the start of renal replacement therapy is accompanied by a rapid reduction in residual renal function, above all when using haemodialysis. The inflammatory response associated with bio-incompatibility and decreased renal perfusion secondary to ultrafiltration and hypotension are dialysis-related factors that contribute to a progressive deterioration in renal function.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span> As a result, once dialysis treatment reaches a chronic phase, recovery of renal function is a rarity. Additionally, some authors advise against interrupting chronic dialysis even when recovery does occur, stating that the period off dialysis tends to be short and is associated with increased mortality.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In this study, we review the cases of recovered residual renal function that we observed within the last 10 years. The objective is to evaluate the incidence of this phenomenon and to study the evolution of these patients in order to determine whether this possibility deserves consideration once periodic dialysis treatment has commenced.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">MATERIAL AND METHOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In accordance with the Spanish Society of Nephrology guidelines, our criteria for starting haemodialysis in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease was a glomerular filtration rate less than 6ml/min in patients with no other symptoms, or moderately higher GFR levels in patients with uraemic symptoms or heart failure that could not be controlled with conservative treatment.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We applied our clinical protocol to all patients in the haemodialysis unit, including an analysis of glomerular filtration rate using the mean clearance rates of urea and creatinine. Clearance was calculated using urea and creatinine concentrations measured in 24-hour urine samples prior to the first dialysis session of each week and blood concentrations obtained immediately before starting dialysis. The first measurement, which was usually taken during the first week of treatment, was considered as the baseline glomerular filtration rate. Once treatment with periodic haemodialysis was started, residual renal function was measured every two months.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Time on dialysis was initially set at 3.5 hours or 4 hours per session, depending on whether dry weight was less than or greater than 60kg, and treatment was started with two weekly sessions (Monday and Friday or Tuesday and Saturday) whenever deemed possible by the attending physician. This regimen of two weekly sessions was maintained as long as residual urea clearance was greater than 2.5ml/min.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> The standard protocol used in our haemodialysis unit for patients receiving dialysis twice per week involved administration of 80mg furosemide on days when not receiving dialysis.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Dry weight is defined primarily based on clinical criteria. For the past five years, we have used bioelectrical impedance vector analysis during the first months of treatment for assistance in avoiding excessive volume depletion. To this end, we have sought to maintain the post-dialysis impedance vector within a 75% tolerance ellipse of the zone corresponding to dehydration (upper pole of the ellipse).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There have been no standard criteria for indicating an interruption of dialysis treatment in light of recovered residual renal function. As a general rule, this possibility has been considered when residual glomerular filtration rate consistently surpasses 6ml/min and the patient is in a stable clinical condition.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Between January 1 2001 and December 31 2010, 224 patients started treatment with periodical haemodialysis at the haemodialysis unit of the Ramón y Cajal Hospital. Of these, 6 remained on dialysis for less than 90 days (4 due to death and 2 due to recovery of renal function) and were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 218 patients constituted the population examined in our study. Haemodialysis was started using an arteriovenous fistula (planned start) in 50% of these patients (110 cases), and the remaining 108 started haemodialysis with a venous catheter (unplanned start). Two weekly sessions were administered to 73 patients, and three weekly sessions were administered to the other 145 patients. In all cases, we used the same haemodialysis technique with a high-permeability, synthetic, bio-compatible filter membrane (ultrafiltration coefficient >20ml/h/mmHg) and ultrapure dialysate fluid.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The distribution of values for glomerular filtration rate was normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), and we used paired and unpaired Student’s t-tests for comparing means. Qualitative variables were compared using chi-square tests with Yates corrections. We expressed all data as mean and standard deviation. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-values <.05 were considered to be statistically significant.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 218 incident patients that received periodical haemodialysis treatment for over 90 days, 17 (8%) recovered enough renal function to warrant suspension of dialysis treatment. In Table 1, we compare data from the start of haemodialysis treatment for the 17 patients that did recover renal function with the remaining 201 patients that did not. The prevalence of chronic interstitial nephropathy and autoimmune disease was higher in patients that recovered renal function, although in the latter this difference was not statistically significant. The start of treatment with a vascular catheter did not affect the evolution of glomerular filtration rate. However, the probability of recovering renal function was greater in the patients that started renal replacement therapy with two weekly sessions. There were no differences between the patients that recovered renal function and those that did not in terms of age (58±15 years vs 62±16 years; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.32), Charlson comorbidity index (5.9±2.9 vs 6.4±2.7; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.46), or baseline glomerular filtration rate (6.6±1.8ml/min vs 5.8±2.3ml/min; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.16).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2 shows the clinical characteristics for our patients at the moment of starting renal replacement therapy, the number of sessions per week administered, mean pre-dialysis blood pressure during the first week of treatment, glomerular filtration rate in each patient at the start of haemodialysis (baseline), after two months, and at the moment that HD treatment was suspended, as well as evolution following this point (maximum glomerular filtration rate reached during the dialysis-free period and the value corresponding to the termination of the study in July 2011) for the 17 patients that recovered renal function. The need for dialysis treatment was triggered by hydrosaline retention with dyspnoea in cases 3, 8, and 13, pericarditis in case 14, heart failure with acute myocardial infarction in case 16, and difficulties in controlling arterial hypertension in case 6. In the remaining 11 cases, the start of haemodialysis was indicated based on the criteria of their attending physicians, who evaluated renal function and the appearance of other signs and symptoms attributable to uraemia. Upon starting dialysis, the two patients with vasculitis and the patient with systemic lupus erythematosus received low doses of corticosteroids as an immunosuppressant treatment. In all periods studied, glomerular filtration rate surpassed the baseline value (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.01 for current glomerular filtration rate and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001 for all other values). The mean time on haemodialysis was 188±131 days, and surpassed one year in two patients. Seven patients required haemodialysis treatment once again following a dialysis-free period of 11±7 months. One of these (case 9) died due to the underlying condition (myeloma) 7 months after restarting haemodialysis; the other 6 are still alive, and 3 have received kidney transplants (cases 1, 6, and 11). Of the remaining 10 patients, one (case 5) died due to vascular dementia after 95 months of evolution off dialysis; another patient (case 7) changed locations and hospitals and we were unable to follow his evolution after 35 months post-dialysis follow-up; the remaining 8 patients are still alive and did not require renal replacement therapy when this study came to an end.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We should point out the evolution of case 3: a 27-year old male with systemic lupus erythematosus and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, with major histological and immunological activity, and who evolved towards terminal renal failure within 3 months despite receiving high doses of prednisone and boluses of cyclophosphamide. Upon starting haemodialysis, the treatment with cyclophosphamide was suspended, and the prednisone treatment was rapidly reduced until reaching a maintenance dose of 10mg/day. The gradual improvement in residual renal function allowed for an interruption of dialysis treatment after 6 months; 9 years later, the chronic kidney disease is in stage 2, with normal urinary sediments and proteinuria <500mg/day, with no signs of immunological activity.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Although the recovery of residual renal function following treatment with dialysis is a rare occurrence, it should not be considered exceptional. We observed this phenomenon in 8% of our patients that started haemodialysis treatment at our unit over the last 10 years.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A greater probability of functional recovery has been correlated with certain aetiologies of chronic kidney disease, such as auto-immune diseases and interstitial and vascular nephropathies.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-5,12-15</span> In our study, only interstitial nephropathy had a higher prevalence with statistical significance.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The influence of the type of dialysis on the possibility of recovering renal function remains a controversial subject. Peritoneal dialysis is considered to preserve residual renal function better than haemodialysis, and some series have shown that the recovery of renal function is greater in patients treated with this method.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,16-18</span> However, other publications that have analysed this topic have concluded that the possibilities of recovering renal function are equally scarce for both techniques.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5,19</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study of patients treated with haemodialysis, we observed a higher recovery rate of residual renal function than those published in large patient registries. According to some studies the probability of recovering renal function is greater if patients have a higher glomerular filtration rate when starting renal replacement therapy.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,18</span> The level of renal failure suffered by the patients that started renal replacement therapy in our study was similar to those reported in other publications,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5</span> and we observed no significant differences in terms of baseline glomerular filtration rates between patients that recovered renal function and those that did not. Except for a higher probability of recovering renal function in patients with chronic interstitial nephropathy or autoimmune disease, we were unable to identify other factors that would allow for identifying patients at the start of haemodialysis treatment that have a greater chance of functional recovery. Controlling arterial hypertension may have been the cause for the improvement observed in residual renal function in one of our patients (case 6), although this factor does not appear to have played a relevant role in the rest of the cases we have analysed.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It is possible that the use of post-dialysis bioelectrical impedance vector analysis to establish dry weight and thus avoid states of excessive dehydration, dialysis techniques involving ultrapure water and high-permeability biocompatible membranes, and the start of renal replacement therapy with two weekly sessions all may have been factors that contributed to the maintenance and recovery of renal function in our patients. Sharp drops in volume have been attributed with a rapid loss of renal function in haemodialysis patients.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> During the first few weeks of dialysis treatment, we use a standard post-dialysis bioelectrical impedance vector analysis to determine dry weight, and we attempt to maintain the impedance vector value below the 75% tolerance ellipse, in order to avoid excessive volume depletion. It has been described that glomerular filtration rate is maintained at a better rate with the use of ultrapure water<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> and biocompatible membranes,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> although the true benefit of these membranes is still a subject of some controversy.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span> In our haemodialysis unit, we place special emphasis on commencing haemodialysis treatment in a progressive manner, attempting to start with two weekly sessions whenever possible. This practice may also have contributed to maintaining residual renal function, since such a correlation has been observed in the past.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,25</span> Ours being a retrospective study, it is impossible to determine which of the aforementioned factors were the most influential in producing our results.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> and angiotensin receptor antagonists<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span> have been used in patients on peritoneal dialysis with the effect of slowing the deterioration of glomerular filtration rate. These drugs are not commonly used in our haemodialysis unit, neither as anti-hypertensive drugs nor to preserve residual renal function. We do administer 80mg per day of furosemide to our patients that undergo two dialysis sessions per week in order to avoid excessive weight gain and to facilitate a more natural water intake. Although furosemide can aid in maintaining diuresis, it has not been shown that this drug has any effect upon the evolution of residual renal function in patients on dialysis.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Interrupting dialysis treatment due to improvements in residual renal function is a major source of controversy. The authors responsible for the registries of renal patients in Australia and New Zealand advise against this practice, since the dialysis-free period following recovery of renal function is generally short and associated with an increase in mortality rates.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> However, our own experience has been different. Only two of our patients died due to causes not attributable to kidney disease treatment, and the dialysis-free period was longer than 1 year in 13 of our patients.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Periodical measurements of residual renal function are taken on a routine basis for all patients treated with peritoneal dialysis, but this is not a universal practice in all haemodialysis units. Residual renal function has an intrinsic prognostic value, and its measurement is important for quantifying dialysis dosage, understanding the factors that may influence its evolution, and to identify those patients that might benefit from a temporary suspension in dialysis treatment.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We conclude that residual renal function does not necessarily suffer an inexorable deterioration following the start of haemodialysis treatment, and that functional recovery is possible in some patients. A periodical check-up of residual renal function and the adoption of measures to preserve it could contribute to maintaining values at a constant level or even producing a recovery.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of Interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande/11194_16025_27946_en_t1_11194i_copia.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11194_16025_27946_en_t1_11194i_copia.jpg" alt="Baseline values for the study population"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1. Baseline values for the study population</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande/11194_16025_27947_en_t2_11194i_copia.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11194_16025_27947_en_t2_11194i_copia.jpg" alt="Clinical results and evolution of glomerular filtration rate in patients that recovered renal function"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2. Clinical results and evolution of glomerular filtration rate in patients that recovered renal function</p>" "pdfFichero" => "P1-E534-S3437-A11194-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438653" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Hemodiálisis" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438655" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Recuperación de la función renal residual" ] ] ] "en" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438654" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Haemodialysis" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438656" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Recovery of renal function" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">En este trabajo revisamos los casos que hemos observado en los últimos diez años de enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis periódica que han recuperado la función renal en cuantía suficiente para poder interrumpir dicho tratamiento. Durante el período de estudio, 218 enfermos comenzaron tratamiento con hemodiálisis periódica en nuestro hospital y precisaron diálisis durante más de 90 días. En 17 de ellos (8%), se pudo interrumpir la diálisis, tras haber permanecido en ella un tiempo que osciló entre 95 y 529 días. La probabilidad de recuperación de la función renal fue mayor en los enfermos con nefropatía intersticial crónica (p = 0,04) o con enfermedades autoinmunes (p = 0,07), y en los que comenzaron tratamiento renal sustitutivo con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana (p = 0,02). No hemos observado diferencias significativas en edad, género, filtrado glomerular al inicio del tratamiento con hemodiálisis o índice de comorbilidad. Siete enfermos volvieron a precisar tratamiento con hemodiálisis tras un período de tiempo sin ella de 11 ± 7 meses. Dos enfermos fallecieron por motivos no atribuibles al tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal y otro salió del estudio por traslado a otro hospital tras haber permanecido 35 meses sin diálisis. Los 14 enfermos restantes están vivos y 8 permanecen libres de diálisis, con un tiempo de evolución que oscila entre 13 y 106 meses. Concluimos que la función renal residual no tiene por qué deteriorarse de forma inexorable tras el inicio de tratamiento con hemodiálisis, y que la posibilidad de recuperación funcional es factible en algunos enfermos.</p>" ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">The aim of this study was to review all cases of recovery of renal function in chronic haemodialysis patients, observed in the last ten years. During the study period, 218 chronic renal failure patients were managed on haemodialysis for a minimum of 90 days. In 17 cases (8%), it was possible to interrupt dialysis after 95 to 529 days. The probability of renal function recovery was higher in patients with chronic interstitial nephritis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.04) or autoimmune diseases (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.07), as well as in those starting haemodialysis treatment at a frequency of two sessions per week (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.02). No significant differences in age, gender, glomerular filtration rate at the beginning of haemodialysis treatment, or comorbidity rate were observed. Seven patients returned to haemodialysis treatment after a dialysis-free period of 11±7 months. Two patients died for reasons unrelated to renal failure treatment, and another patient was moved to another hospital following 35 months without dialysis. The other 14 patients are alive and 8 are dialysis-free, with a monitoring period of 13 to 106 months. The conclusion reached is that there is no reason why residual kidney function should inexorably worsen after the start of haemodialysis treatment, and that functional recovery is possible in some patients.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "11194_16025_27946_en_t1_11194i_copia.jpg" "Alto" => 1322 "Ancho" => 1067 "Tamanyo" => 930838 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline values for the study population" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "11194_16025_27947_en_t2_11194i_copia.jpg" "Alto" => 1406 "Ancho" => 2189 "Tamanyo" => 1628048 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical results and evolution of glomerular filtration rate in patients that recovered renal function" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Sekkari MA, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Guire K, Humphrys R, Van Amburg G, et al. Recovery from end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1990;15:61-5. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294734" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Lindblad AS, Nolph KD. Recovery of renal function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a study of National CAPD Registry data. Perit Dial Int 1992;12:43-7. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1543780" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Goldstein A, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Recovery of renal function and the discontinuation of dialysis in patients treated with continuous peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2003;23:151-6. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713082" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Craven AMS, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Rosman JB, Brown FG, Johnson DW. Predictors of renal recovery in Australian and New Zealand end-stage renal failure patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2007;27:184-91. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17299156" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Macdonald JA, McDonald SP, Hawley CM, Rosman J, Brown F, Wiggins KJ, et al. Recovery of renal function in end-stage renal failure-comparison between peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:2825-31. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443649" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Krediet RT. How to preserve residual function in patients with chronic renal disease and on dialysis? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(Suppl 2):ii42-6. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825260" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib7" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Coronel F, Pérez Flores I. Factores relacionados con la pérdida de función renal residual en diálisis peritoneal. Nefrologia 2008;28 (Suppl 6):39-44. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957011" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib8" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Tornero Molina F, Remón Rodríguez C. Indicaciones para el inicio de técnicas de depuración extrarrenal. En: Guía SEN de Enfermedad Renal Crónica Avanzada y Prediálisis. Nefrologia 2008;28 Supl 3:101-4." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib9" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Gámez C, Teruel JL, Ortuño J. Evolución de la función renal residual en enfermos tratados con hemodiálisis. Nefrologia 1992;12:125-9." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib10" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Gotch FA, Keen ML. Care of the patient on hemodialysis. In: Cogan MG, Garovoy MR (eds.). Introduction to Dialysis. New York: Churchill; 1985. p. 73-143." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib11" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Piccoli A, Nescolarde LD, Rossell J. Análisis convencional y vectorial de bioimpedancia en la práctica clínica. Nefrologia 2002;XXII:228-38." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib12" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Rodríguez Benítez P, Gómez Campderá FJ, Rengel M, Anaya F. Recuperación de la función renal en paciente en programa de diálisis. Nefrologia 2002;XXII:92-3. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11217655" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib13" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Siddiqui S, Norbury M, Robertson S, Almond A, Isles C. Recovery of renal function after 90 days on dialysis: implications for transplantation in patients with potentially reversible causes of renal failure. Clin Transplant 2008;22:136-40. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18339131" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib14" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Fehrman-Ekholm I, Bergenhag A, Heimburger O, Schön S. Recovery of renal function after one-year of dialysis treatment: Case report and Registry Data. Int J Nephrol 2010:817836." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib15" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Cuxart M, Picazo M, Sardá C, Sans R. Recuperación parcial de una insuficiencia renal obstructiva tras 16 meses en hemodiálisis. Nefrologia 2010; 30:137-8. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098482" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib16" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Cancarini GC, Brunori G, Camerini C, Brasa S, Manili L, Maiorca R. Renal function recovery and maintenance of residual diuresis in CAPD and hemodialysis. Perit Dial Bull 1986;6:77-9." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib17" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "\u{A0}\u{A0} \u{A0}Rottembourg J, Issad B, Allouache M, Jacobs C. Recovery of renal function in patients treated by CAPD. Rottembourg J, Issad B, Allouache M, Jacobs C. Adv Perit Dial. 1989;5:63-6." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib18" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "\u{A0}\u{A0} \u{A0}Katz IJ, Sofianou L, Butler O, Hopley M. Recovery of renal function in black South African patients with malignant hypertension: Superiority of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int 2001;21:581-6. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11783767" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib19" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "\u{A0}\u{A0} \u{A0}Chu JK, Folkert VW. Semin Dial. Renal function recovery in chronic dialysis patients. 2010:23(6):606-13." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib20" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Kjaergaard KD, Jensen JD, Peters CD, Jespersen B. Preserving residual renal function in dialysis patients: an update on evidence to assist clinical decisión making. NDT Plus 2011;4:225-30." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib21" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R. Ultrapure dialysis fluid slows loss of residual renal function in new dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:1814-8. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12270990" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib22" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "McCarthy JT, Jenson BM, Squillace DP, Williams AW. Improved preservation of residual renal function in chronic hemodialysis patients using polysulfone dialyzers. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29:576-83. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9100048" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib23" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Caramelo C, Alcázar R, Gallar P, Teruel JL, Velo M, Ortega O, et al. Choice of dialysis membrane does not influence the outcome of residual renal function in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:675-7. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7970095" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib24" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Lin YF, Huang JW, Wu MS, Chu TS, Lin SL, Chen YM, et al. Comparison of residual renal function in patients undergoing twice-weekly versus three-times-weekly haemodialysis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009;14:59-64." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib25" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Fernández Lucas M, Villacorta J, Teruel JL, Zamora J, Rodríguez Mendiola N, Ortuño J. Mantenimiento de la función renal residual con una pauta incremental de hemodiálisis. Nefrologia 2009;29 Suppl 2:64." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib26" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Shin SK, Noh H, Kang SW, Seo BJ, Lee IH, Song HY, et al. Risk factors influencing the decline of residual renal function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal diálisis patients. Perit Dial Int 1999;19:138-42. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10357184" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib27" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "González Peña O, Montenegro Martínez J, de los Mozos Villar J, García Erauzkin G, García Uriarte O, Arrieta Lizama J. Preservación de la función renal residual en diálisis peritoneal mediante bloqueo del receptor de angiotensina. Nefrologia 2008;28 Suppl 6:45-50. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957012" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000003200000002/v0_201502091616/X2013251412000957/v0_201502091616/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "35441" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originals" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000003200000002/v0_201502091616/X2013251412000957/v0_201502091616/en/P1-E534-S3437-A11194-EN.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://www.revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251412000957?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 68 | 59 | 127 |
| 2024 September | 87 | 51 | 138 |
| 2024 August | 102 | 97 | 199 |
| 2024 July | 111 | 42 | 153 |
| 2024 June | 145 | 44 | 189 |
| 2024 May | 143 | 47 | 190 |
| 2024 April | 116 | 38 | 154 |
| 2024 March | 89 | 28 | 117 |
| 2024 February | 65 | 30 | 95 |
| 2024 January | 81 | 30 | 111 |
| 2023 December | 70 | 25 | 95 |
| 2023 November | 76 | 51 | 127 |
| 2023 October | 67 | 33 | 100 |
| 2023 September | 61 | 37 | 98 |
| 2023 August | 51 | 31 | 82 |
| 2023 July | 36 | 31 | 67 |
| 2023 June | 36 | 19 | 55 |
| 2023 May | 48 | 31 | 79 |
| 2023 April | 28 | 13 | 41 |
| 2023 March | 45 | 25 | 70 |
| 2023 February | 43 | 18 | 61 |
| 2023 January | 69 | 40 | 109 |
| 2022 December | 50 | 35 | 85 |
| 2022 November | 53 | 46 | 99 |
| 2022 October | 35 | 36 | 71 |
| 2022 September | 54 | 30 | 84 |
| 2022 August | 64 | 47 | 111 |
| 2022 July | 57 | 39 | 96 |
| 2022 June | 49 | 28 | 77 |
| 2022 May | 60 | 41 | 101 |
| 2022 April | 58 | 50 | 108 |
| 2022 March | 79 | 53 | 132 |
| 2022 February | 118 | 45 | 163 |
| 2022 January | 122 | 34 | 156 |
| 2021 December | 65 | 40 | 105 |
| 2021 November | 63 | 39 | 102 |
| 2021 October | 70 | 39 | 109 |
| 2021 September | 78 | 49 | 127 |
| 2021 August | 94 | 48 | 142 |
| 2021 July | 86 | 37 | 123 |
| 2021 June | 86 | 22 | 108 |
| 2021 May | 124 | 45 | 169 |
| 2021 April | 327 | 61 | 388 |
| 2021 March | 190 | 68 | 258 |
| 2021 February | 236 | 68 | 304 |
| 2021 January | 187 | 28 | 215 |
| 2020 December | 165 | 30 | 195 |
| 2020 November | 113 | 9 | 122 |
| 2020 October | 94 | 20 | 114 |
| 2020 September | 116 | 19 | 135 |
| 2020 August | 170 | 16 | 186 |
| 2020 July | 170 | 10 | 180 |
| 2020 June | 192 | 26 | 218 |
| 2020 May | 175 | 17 | 192 |
| 2020 April | 223 | 23 | 246 |
| 2020 March | 212 | 11 | 223 |
| 2020 February | 165 | 24 | 189 |
| 2020 January | 186 | 20 | 206 |
| 2019 December | 185 | 30 | 215 |
| 2019 November | 191 | 31 | 222 |
| 2019 October | 248 | 29 | 277 |
| 2019 September | 400 | 35 | 435 |
| 2019 August | 351 | 11 | 362 |
| 2019 July | 400 | 32 | 432 |
| 2019 June | 360 | 21 | 381 |
| 2019 May | 362 | 22 | 384 |
| 2019 April | 537 | 49 | 586 |
| 2019 March | 336 | 29 | 365 |
| 2019 February | 274 | 39 | 313 |
| 2019 January | 323 | 23 | 346 |
| 2018 December | 515 | 63 | 578 |
| 2018 November | 420 | 32 | 452 |
| 2018 October | 373 | 13 | 386 |
| 2018 September | 544 | 15 | 559 |
| 2018 August | 309 | 13 | 322 |
| 2018 July | 184 | 18 | 202 |
| 2018 June | 149 | 14 | 163 |
| 2018 May | 179 | 15 | 194 |
| 2018 April | 153 | 11 | 164 |
| 2018 March | 151 | 12 | 163 |
| 2018 February | 133 | 8 | 141 |
| 2018 January | 140 | 11 | 151 |
| 2017 December | 146 | 16 | 162 |
| 2017 November | 121 | 10 | 131 |
| 2017 October | 125 | 13 | 138 |
| 2017 September | 121 | 28 | 149 |
| 2017 August | 127 | 65 | 192 |
| 2017 July | 115 | 42 | 157 |
| 2017 June | 98 | 52 | 150 |
| 2017 May | 87 | 38 | 125 |
| 2017 April | 74 | 40 | 114 |
| 2017 March | 54 | 43 | 97 |
| 2017 February | 65 | 39 | 104 |
| 2017 January | 40 | 33 | 73 |
| 2016 December | 77 | 4 | 81 |
| 2016 November | 106 | 9 | 115 |
| 2016 October | 144 | 10 | 154 |
| 2016 September | 165 | 4 | 169 |
| 2016 August | 238 | 7 | 245 |
| 2016 July | 236 | 9 | 245 |
| 2016 June | 173 | 0 | 173 |
| 2016 May | 143 | 0 | 143 |
| 2016 April | 117 | 0 | 117 |
| 2016 March | 72 | 0 | 72 |
| 2016 February | 110 | 0 | 110 |
| 2016 January | 93 | 0 | 93 |
| 2015 December | 141 | 0 | 141 |
| 2015 November | 94 | 0 | 94 |
| 2015 October | 89 | 0 | 89 |
| 2015 September | 93 | 0 | 93 |
| 2015 August | 66 | 0 | 66 |
| 2015 July | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| 2015 June | 40 | 0 | 40 |
| 2015 May | 51 | 0 | 51 |
| 2015 April | 8 | 0 | 8 |
Show all
