Chronic kidney disease is a chronic inflammatory state driving cardiovascular risk.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein identifies patients with persistent systemic inflammation.

Preliminary results from the ZEUS trial showed no benefit on the primary cardiovascular endpoint despite marked biomarker reduction with IL-6 inhibition in secondary prevention in CKD inflamed patients.

Inflammatory biomarker modulation does not necessarily translate into clinical benefit.

Inflammatory phenotyping and selective modulation may guide precision medicine in CKD

Body mass index (BMI) is one of the factors that, through mechanisms not yet fully elucidated, determines intraperitoneal pressure (IPP). Increased IPP is associated with reduced ultrafiltration (UF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD).

When BMI was partitioned into lean mass, fat mass, and overhydration in our cohort of PD patients, several findings emerged:

Fat mass (obesity) is associated with higher IPP, which in turn counteracts UF.

Lean mass (muscle mass) shows no effect on IPP but is associated with increased UF through an IPP-independent mechanism that remains unclear.

Free water transport is negatively associated with fat mass and positively associated with lean mass.

These opposing effects may account for the apparent lack of association between BMI and UF.

Routine assessment of IPP and body composition may improve the interpretation of UF outcomes in PD patients.

Kidney transplantation was cost-saving versus haemodialysis in Portugal

Patient-level economic break-even occurred approximately 16.5 months after kidney transplantation

40-year gains reached 3.88 additional QALYs per patient

Increasing organ availability further improved economic outcomes